Macropores and water flow in soils and substrates are complex and are related to topics like preferential flow, nonequilibrium flow, and dual-continuum. Hence, the quantification of the number of macropores and the determination of their geometry are expected to provide a better understanding on the effects of pores on the soil's physical and hydraulic properties. This exploratory study aimed a...

The paper analyses the selected optical parameters of protective optic filters used for protection of the eyes against hazardous radiation within the visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) spectrum range. The indexes characterizing transmission and reflection of optic radiation incident on the filter are compared. As it follows from the completed analysis, the newly developed interference filter...

The present study using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) examined prefrontal activation associated with maze-solving performance in adult humans. The participants were required to solve a plus-shaped maze, comparable to the one used for pigeons and human children to behaviorally assess planning processes, by moving a target square to a goal square presented on a touch-sensitive screen. The par...

Active infrared thermography has been used for the detection of sub surface defects in road materials. The step heating method was selected, and two different infrared cameras selected. Defects were detected with an heating phase as short as 60 seconds. Some images treatments were employed, and have been able to extract signal in spite of the porosity and of the high heterogeneity of a road mat...

The aim of this review is to present the state of the art of neurophotonics, a recently founded discipline lying at the interface between optics and neuroscience. While neurophotonics also includes invasive techniques for animal studies, in this review we focus only on the non-invasive methods that use near infrared light to probe functional activity in the brain, namely the fast optical signal...

It is important for near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and imaging to estimate the sensitivity of the detected signal to the change in hemoglobin that results from brain activation and the volume of tissue interrogated for a specific source-detector fiber spacing. In this study light propagation in adult head models is predicted by Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the effect of the superfic...

In this paper a novel approach is proposed which combines simultaneously advantages both of pulse (PT) and modulated (MT) infrared thermography. In a nondestructive evaluation perspective, the specimen is pulse-heated as in PT and the mix of frequencies of the thermal waves launched into the specimen are unscrambled by performing the Fourier transform of the temperature evolution over the field...

OBJECTIVE To establish whether the use of near-infrared spectroscopy is potentially beneficial in high-risk cardiac infants in United Kingdom paediatric intensive care units. DESIGN A prospective observational pilot study. SETTING An intensive care unit in North West England. PATIENTS A total of 10 infants after congenital heart surgery, five with biventricular repairs and five with singl...

BACKGROUND Near-infrared spectroscopy estimates soft-tissue oxygenation approximately 2 to 3 cm below the skin. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate muscle oxygenation in the setting of an acute compartment syndrome of the leg and to determine if near-infrared spectroscopy is capable of detecting perfusion deficits. METHODS Fourteen patients with unilateral lower extremity trauma ...