Previous studies have established that sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic are the main forcing of the interannual variation of the wet season onsets in the Amazon. However, this variation appears to be complex and not uniquely determined by SSTAs. What causes such a complexity and to what extent the interannual variation of the wet season onsets is pr...

1. introduction dust storm is an important atmospheric phenomenon. it has important environment, health, economic and social activities due to penetration of suspended particles of dust to the atmosphere. measurements resulting from earth and satellite stations show the fact that particles of dust in storms, remain in the nature for a long time. they can get far away by wind, hundreds of kilome...

The vast wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau are expected to be an important natural source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. The magnitude, patterns and environmental controls of CH4 emissions on different timescales, especially during the nongrowing season, remain poorly understood, because of technical limitations and the harsh environments. We conducted the first study on year-round CH4 fluxe...

Below-ground carbon allocation represents a substantial fraction of net photosynthesis in plants, yet timing of below-ground allocation and endogenous and exogenous factors controlling it are poorly understood. Minirhizotron techniques were used to examine root populations of Vitis labruscana Bailey cv. Concord under two levels of dormant-season canopy removal and irrigation. Root production, p...

The mechanisms by which the mammalian brain copes with information from natural vocalization streams remain poorly understood. This article shows that in highly vocal animals, such as the bat species Carollia perspicillata, the spike activity of auditory cortex neurons does not track the temporal information flow enclosed in fast time-varying vocalization streams emitted by conspecifics. For ex...

Despite the importance of Arctic and boreal regions in the present carbon cycle, estimates of annual high-latitude carbon ̄uxes vary in sign and magnitude. Without accurate estimates of current carbon ̄uxes from Arctic and boreal ecosystems, predicting the response of these systems to global change is daunting. A number of factors control carbon turnover in high-latitude soils, but because they...

Forage fish form a critical trophic link in marine ecosystems, and yet, for many species, there is limited information available. As nations move from single species stock assessments to ecosystem approaches fisheries management (EAFMs), more on forage will be required. In this study, 50 years of scientific literature were systematically mapped 11 Canada's Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific oceans. The ...