Pragmatic competence is one of the most important components of successful communication; also, it is the most difficult aspect of SLA. This study aimed to explore the effects of concurrent group dynamic assessment (G-DA) on Iranian EFL learners’ learning of requests and refusals, following a mixed method design. In the experimental part of the study, 2 intact classes were homogenized by a pret...

BACKGROUND This study evaluated the utility of immunization registries in identifying vaccine refusals among children. Among refusers, we studied their socioeconomic characteristics and health care utilization patterns. METHODS Medical records were reviewed to validate refusal status in the immunization registries of two health plans. Racial, education, and income characteristics of children ...

Community acceptance of and compliance with annual ivermectin treatment in Shao, a sub-urban community in Kwara State, Nigeria, were remarkably high. Of 890 subjects from 204 randomly selected households, 832 (93.5%) had taken ivermectin at least once during the six-year treatment period. An average community acceptance rate (ACAR) of 88.77% (range 85.4 - 91.9%) was recorded during this period;...

BACKGROUND Conscientious objection has spurred impassioned debate in many Western countries. Some Norwegian general practitioners (GPs) refuse to refer for abortion. Little is know about how the GPs carry out their refusals in practice, how they perceive their refusal to fit with their role as professionals, and how refusals impact patients. Empirical data can inform subsequent normative analys...

Refusing to participate in an action is a negative response that might lead dispute and jeopardise the connection between hearer speaker. To avoid conflict may arise when speaker must decline request, offer acceptable refusal adjust position of interlocutor as well circumstances situation. This study examined strategies sequence order employed by Malay speakers English second language (MSE) the...

Probabilistic CSP extends the language of CSP with an operator for probabilistic choice. However reasoning about an intricate combination of nondeterminism, communication and probabilistic behaviour can be complicated. In standard CSP, and in formal methods generally, such complication is overcome (when possible) by use of hierarchical reasoning. In this paper we provide a foundation for liftin...

The authors propose that increased morbidity and mortality in our study was caused by administration of refused calf milk replacer (CMR) by esophageal feeder. They wrote “we suggest that the increased incidence of illness observed in the calves fed the higher levels of milk replacer was due to sick calves being force-fed.” They further suggested that feed refusals were a manifestation of anorex...