graphene nanostructures were synthesized by hummer method. 1, 3, 5 and 7 wt% of graphene nanostructures were suspended in certain amount of acetone on a mechanical stirrer and stirred then added to epoxy resin. after 4 hours, solution and graphene platelets (gps) were prepared. nanostructures were characterized by x-ray diffraction (xrd), scanning electron microscopy (sem ), fourier transform i...

Non-invasive measurement of carotenoid antioxidants in human skin is one of the important tasks to investigate the skin physiology in vivo. Resonance Raman spectroscopy and reflection spectroscopy are the most frequently used non-invasive techniques in dermatology and skin physiology. In the present study, an improved method based on multiple spatially resolved reflection spectroscopy (MSRRS) w...

In recent years, green synthesis of nanoparticles has attracted a great attention because of medicine and biological applications. In this work, bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Bi2O3 NP) was prepared via green synthesis using mentha pulegium aqueous extract after 24 h at 90°C. The product was characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray ...

Determination of the mineral surface composition and structure at molecular and atomic levels and understanding adsorption mechanisms and kinetics are crucial to perform efficient separation processes for mineral beneficiation. This understanding is a fundamental requirement to make possible the prediction and control of the macroscopic surface properties that govern the efficiency of separatio...

The coadsorption of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide on Pd( loo), Pd( 11 l ) , and a model silica-supported palladium catalyst has been investigated with infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) in the temperature range 100-500 K. The palladium surfaces were in equilibrium with a 1 X l P Torr equimolar mixture of CO and NO during the FT-IRAS studies. The structure and coverage of the ...

Thin oxide films ~e.g., 5–10 nm of SiO2, Al2O3, NiO, MgO! supported on a refractory metal substrate ~e.g., Mo, W, Ta, Re! have been prepared by deposition of the oxide metal precursor in a background of oxygen. The thin-film nature of these samples facilitates investigation by an array of surface techniques, many of which cannot be effectively utilized on the corresponding bulk oxide. The struc...

Chapter 1. Kinematical electron diffraction 1.1 Electron wavelength 1.2 Plane wave representation of incident electron 1.3 Born approximation and single atom scattering 1.4 Fourier transformation 1.5 Scattering factor and charge density function 1.6 Single scattering theory 1.7 Reciprocal space and reciprocal lattice vector 1.8 Bragg's law and Ewald sphere 1.9 Abbe's imaging theory 1.10 Phase o...

Total internal reflection with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is a method for measuring the surface association/dissociation rate constants and absolute densities of fluorescent molecules at the interface of a planar substrate and solution. This method can also report the apparent diffusion coefficient and absolute concentration of fluorescent molecules very close to the surface. Theoret...