This paper compares the paradigms of LiDAR and aerophotogrammetry in the context of building extraction and briefly discusses a photogrammetric strategy for refining building roof polyhedrons previously extracted from LiDAR data. In general, empirical and theoretical studies have confirmed that LiDAR methodologies are more suitable in extracting planar roof faces and ridges of the roof, whereas...

Local mesh-refining algorithms known from adaptive finite element methods are adopted for locally conservative and monotone finite volume discretizations of boundary value problems for steady-state convection-diffusion-reaction equations. The paper establishes residual-type explicit error estimators and averaging techniques for a posteriori finite volume error control with and without upwind in...

Systems which exhibit emergent behaviour, i.e., behaviour not determined by the behaviours of the constituents when considered in isolation, are becoming more common due to increasing use of distributed and decentralised designs. There have been claims that formal methods, and particularly refinement, can not be used to derive systems with emergent behaviour. In this paper, however, we argue th...

Background. Thirty refineries operate within Japan with a total crude processing capacity of about 4.8 million bpd. Capacity and total product demand is closely balanced. Almost all refined products are sold to the domestic market, although Japanese refineries occasionally import and export products between other Asian countries. The Japanese petroleum businesses, once protected, faced tough co...