in the new production systems, finding a way to improving the product and system reliability in design is a very important. The reliability of the products and systems may improve using different methods. One of this methods is redundancy allocation problem. In this problem by adding redundant component to sub-systems under some constraints, the reliability improved. In this paper we worked on ...

Genetic redundancy is ubiquitous and can be found in any organism. However, it has been argued that genetic redundancy reduces total population fitness, and therefore, redundancy is unlikely to evolve. In this letter, we study an evolutionary model with high-dimensional genotype-phenotype mapping (GPM) to investigate the relevance of complexity in GPM to the evolution of genetic redundancy. By ...

Abstract According to the subjective view of lying, speakers can lie by asserting a true proposition, as long they believe this proposition be false. This contrasts with objective view, according which lying requires actual falsity asserted. The aim paper is draw attention pairs assertions that differ only in intuitively redundant content and show such are reason favour over one.