in recent years, reducing emissions has become an important issue. besides reducing the economic costs, reducing the fuel consumption decreases emissions, pollutant impact and increases society health as well. green vehicle routing problem are a major key to reduce hazardous effects of transportation such as air pollution, greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions, noise and the like. generally, the amoun...

Traditional methods for hedging interest rate risk do not take transaction costs into account as they aim to eliminate all risk. We propose a two-stage stochastic programming model where are weighed against portfolio variance. High-quality measurements of term structures enable us extract the systematic factors and make precise estimates perceived costs. The cost is reduction in variance by usi...