Increasing energy efficiency is one of the main objectives of the Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Commission (called 20-20-20), which aims at decreasing greenhouse gas emissions by jointly increasing the use of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency, all by 20% until 2020. To reduce energy consumption in producing and distributing products, it is of major importance to consider e...

Market-based climate change policy instruments have frequently been proposed as efficient means to stimulate industrial energy efficiency improvements and to reduce carbon emissions. This paper presents an assessment of the impacts that energy taxes and policies that increase cost of carbon may have on energy use and emission profiles of the US iron and steel industry. Time series data and engi...

the financial losses, absolute and net economic values (evs) for direct (dcd) and maternal calving difficulty (mcd) were estimated using a bioeconomic model and taking into account the categorical nature of the trait. the effects of dystocia on other traits were estimated. but because of low reliability they were not considered for calculations in the base situation. in the base situation, the ...