Data from 692 subjects in 11 experimental treatments provide a systematic exploration of the existence and nature of reciprocal behavior in two-person games. The experimental design discriminates between motivations of reciprocity and (non-reciprocal) other-regarding preferences. The existence of positive reciprocity is found to be dependent on the level of social distance but not the level of ...

As is well-known, spatial reciprocity plays an important role in facilitating the emergence of cooperative traits, and the effect of direct reciprocity is also obvious for explaining the cooperation dynamics. However, how the combination of these two scenarios influences cooperation is still unclear. In the present work, we study the evolution of cooperation in 2 × 2 games via considering both ...

This paper uses a triadic experimental design to discriminate between actions motivated by preferences over the distribution of material outcomes and actions motivated by attributions of the intentions of others. Such discrimination is essential to empirical guidance for theory development because modeling intentions is quite different than modeling preferences. The triadic design includes the ...

We explored a novel reciprocity-based influence strategy to stimulate cooperation called the reciprocity-by-proxy strategy. Unlike in traditional reciprocity, in which benefactors provide direct benefits to target individuals to elicit reciprocity, the reciprocity-by-proxy strategy elicits in the target a sense of indebtedness to benefactors by providing benefits to a valued third party on beha...

In contrast to guilt based reciprocity, which hypothesizes that reciprocity is an increasing function of the 2 order expectation of trustor’s expectation for reciprocation, we test for reciprocity which is a decreasing function of trustees 2 order expectations, i.e., that people can reciprocate out of gratitude. To unambiguously decrease 2 order expectations in our treatment, we broke up a stan...

Emil Artin was born on March 3, 1898 in Vienna, as the son of an art dealer and an opera singer, and he died on December 20, 1962 in Hamburg. He was one of the founding fathers of modern algebra. Van der Waerden acknowledged his debt to Artin and to Emmy Noether (1882–1935) on the title page of his Moderne Algebra (1930–31), which indeed was originally conceived to be jointly written with Artin...

INTRODUCTION Reciprocal altruism implies delayed payoffs by definition. It might therefore seem logical to assume that limited memory, calculation, and planning capacities have constrained the evolution of reciprocity in non-human animals. Here I will argue that this is not the case. First, I will show that the emotional track of past interactions is enough to motivate and maintain reciprocity ...

In Cuzco Quechua reciprocity is marked by means of two verbal suffixes, one of which is a marker of reflexivity, the other of which is a marker of pluractionality. The paper develops an analysis that composes reciprocity from these more basic notions. Two further ingredients that are needed will be argued to derive from independent principles: universal quantification over parts of the reciproc...

This paper explores the notion of reciprocity in the context of active pulmonary and laryngeal tuberculosis (TB) treatment and related control policies and practices. We seek to do three things: First, we sketch the background to contemporary global TB care and suggest that poverty is a key feature when considering the treatment of TB patients. We use two examples from TB care to explore the ro...

How do norms of trust and reciprocity arise? We investigate this question by examining behavior in an experiment where subjects play a series of indefinitely repeated trust games. Players are randomly and anonymously matched each period. The parameters of the game are chosen so as to support trust and reciprocity as a sequential equilibrium when no reputational information is available. The mai...