As a result of the National Struggle, which can also be described as struggle for survival Turkishness, Turkish nation has shown whole world what they endure sake an inch land even under very difficult conditions. In absence regular army during period we see that number patriotic formations emerged to protect unity homeland. These formations, called Kuvâ-yi Milliye, mean voluntary militia units...

This paper investigates the private returns to colonial offices and how these affect longterm economic and political outcomes across sub-national provinces in Peru. To estimate the private returns to office I use a unique dataset of the prices at which colonial government positions were auctioned off by the Spanish Crown between 1674 and 1751. I first show how the gap between the prices paid fo...

MY object today is to try, I am sure very inadequately, to tell you something of the life of that illustrious fellow countryman of mine, William Smellie, the Master of British Midwifery, who was born in Lanark in the year 1697. Smellie lived during the reigns of four sovereigns-Queen Anne and the first three Hanoverian Georges. He saw the union of the Scottish and English Parliaments in 1707, a...

Abstract‘Squid Game’ is a film series from South Korea that in high demand lately. This tells the story of group people who are debt and end up participating game competition puts their lives on line to earn money. designed by frontman manages avoid chaos during game. Each player has also signed an agreement/contract while at venue. In this paper, we will discuss representation running politics...

While the world is focused on the economic impact of the financial and credit meltdown, what might be its impact on politics? In well-established democracies, probably not more than elections lost by incumbent parties seen as having mismanaged the economy.Butwhat of consolidatingdemocracies that predominate in thedevelopingworld, where some forecasts expect the crisis to hit the poor especially...

Largely unrecognised in prevailing historical accounts of (radical) geography, Danish university geography from the late 1960s saw emergence a strong radical strand. In terms student support, this became dominant feature at University Copenhagen, and was defining element establishment new Roskilde Centre. This movement spawned its own journal, had impact on upper-secondary school played an impo...

N early two decades ago, coinciding with overt nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan and India, we highlighted in The BMJ the huge risks of beginning a nuclear race in the subcontinent1 and its massive costs.2 Today, South Asia is once again at the brink of conflict, with massive deployment of armies on the borders between Pakistan and India. Insurgency and unrest affect major regions in Kashmir,...