one of the most significant discussion and challenges propounded in the macroeconomics is the effects of fluctuations of exchange rate on the macroeconomic variables (production, employment, inflation and … etc).in this direction, the important and noticeable point is the factors which lead to fluctuations in the exchange rate which, from amongst these factors as an example, is fluctuations in ...

exogeneity and controllabillty of money is a basic assumption in neo-keynesian and monetarist analysis, as well as most contemprory economic macro-models. equilibrium path cattani & cavallo & khan model (j990)1 is employed, and pree & stienhe,2 model (j989) has been used for calculation of the real exchange rate unstability index. the results, indicate negative effects of real exchange rate dev...

T he main purpose of this article is to analyze exchange rate behavior based on monetary fundamentals in the context of Iranian economy over the period 1990:2 to 2014:3. To do so, two monetary exchange rate models is investigated, the first by regarding interest rate differential as a monetary variable, and the second one regardless of interest rate differential as a monetary variabl...

Purpose Water exchange between the intracellular and extracellular space can be measured using apparent rate (AXR) imaging. The aim of this study was to investigate relationship AXR geometry diffusion restrictions, membrane permeability, real rate, as well explore applicability for typical human measurement settings. Methods measurements underlying rates were simulated Monte Carlo method with d...