Biodiesel is a fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats and microbial oil (algae, bacteria and fungi). The raw materials are converted to biodiesel through a chemical reaction involving alcohol and catalyst. The purpose of the present work is to present an efficient process using reactive distillation columns applied to biodiesel production. Reactive distillation is the simultaneous implement...

Abstract The geminal dialkyl effect is widely used in organic synthesis to promote cyclization reactions, although the exact origin of its rate enhancement remains unclear. In present study, we demonstrate applicability this for intramolecular formation bicyclic aziridinium ions and assign it angle contractions provided by introduction sterically demanding substituents. Due cyclic structure exa...

Reactive and nonreactive Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations of hydrogen injection into a confined transverse supersonic flow vitiated air are conducted. The corresponding conditions were studied in the LAPCAT-II combustor. Two operating considered, which differ value momentum ratio between inlet streams, thus leading to two distinct values equivalence (ER). For its smallest value, smoo...

Reactive distillation is an excellent example of recent advances in process intensification. It combines reaction and separation operations in one piece of equipment. This paper studies the steady-state economic optimum design of a chemical process with a generic exothermic reversible reaction A+B↔C+D for two different process flowsheets: a conventional multi-unit reactor/separator/recycle stru...

The determination of the existence and composition of reactive azeotropes is important from both theoretical and practical standpoints in the analysis of combined reaction and phase equilibrium and in the synthesis and design of reactive separation systems. We present here a new method for reliably locating, from given thermodynamic models, any and all reactive azeotropes for multicomponent mix...

A current trend in the chemical industries is to intensify processes by integrating reaction and separation operations. The conceptual design of integrated reaction-separation systems constitutes non-convex optimization problems of large scale which can be addressed by engineered mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) techniques. In this presentation, non-standard modeling and solution te...

Received 04 October 2012, Revised 15 December 2012, Accepted 16 December 2012 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract The present work demonstrates the comparative extraction efficiency of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (1) and its derivatives (2-4) toward a series of some selected reactive dy...

We present the first method to synthesize functional reactive programs from temporal logic specifications. Existing algorithms for the synthesis of reactive systems target finite-state implementations, such as hardware circuits, but fail when it comes to complex data transformations. Reactive programs instead provide a promising alternative to overcome this obstacle. They allow for abstraction ...