Space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging is often considered to possess both day/night and all weather operational capabilities. Whereas the rst argument is true since we are dealing with an active sensor; the second does not hold in cases for which the operating frequencies are above 3 GHz. Indeed, the SAR performance can be signi cantly affected by atmospheric effects (losses), espe...

rain modeling in recent years has been of great importance in water resource management and its function in long term and short term planning, especially its great effect on agricultural economy. to reach to good results box-jenkins model is much more efficient. the writers of this article have used the data collected in tabriz and oroumiyeh stations in a fifty year period and then presented th...

The effect of water supply during grain growth on grain nitrogen concentration (GNC) and grain nitrogen yield (GNY) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in the field experiment on fertile loamy-clay soil in years 2004–2007. The water regime was differentiated using mobile rain shelter (water shortage, treatment S) and drip irrigation (ample water supply, treatment W); rain-fed cro...

Self-propelled autonomous micromachines have recently been tasked to carry out various roles in real environments. In this study, we expose the microjets to various types of water that are present in the real world, examples include tap water, rain water, lake water and sea water, and we sought to investigate their behaviors under real world conditions. We observed that the viability and mobili...

Understanding runoff generation and dynamics is the basis for water resource management, while water isotopic ratios are a potential tool for studying the mechanism on a large scale. In this paper, spatial variations of δ18O and δD of river water and their sources within a large region of the Tarim River were investigated. The results showed obvious spatial variations of both water isotope valu...

Precipitation exhibits significant spatial variability at scales much smaller than the typical size of climate model grid cells. Neglecting such subgrid-scale variability in climate models causes unrealistic representation of land–atmosphere flux exchanges. It is especially problematic over densely vegetated land. This paper addresses this issue by incorporating satellite-based precipitation ob...

Water vapor column density, or vertically-integrated water (IWV), is monitored by ground-based microwave radiometers (MWR) and receivers of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). For rain periods, retrieval IWV from GNSS Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) neglects atmospheric propagation delay signal droplets. Similarly, it difficult for dual-frequency single-polarisation to separate emission cloud...

Acid rain is widely believed to be responsible for acidifying soil and water in areas of North America and northern Europe. However, factors commonly considered to make landscapes susceptible to acidification by acid rain are the same factors long known to strongly acidify soils through the natural processes of soil formation. Recovery from extreme and widespread careless land use has also occu...

This study reports the evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), a biological larvicide, in cement jars holding river, well and rain water. Two Bti formulations, VectoBac WG and VectoBac DT, were evaluated in a village in Phnom Penh. Thirty-one households with cement jars supporting the colonization of Ae.aegypti immatures were chosen. In each house 3 jars were aligned next to eac...