A Z-R relation is derived using a data set which consists of nine rain events selected from Singapore’s drop size distribution. Rain events are separated into convective and stratiform types of rain using two methods: the Gamache-Houze method, a simple threshold technique, and the Atlas-Ulbrich method. In the Atlas-Ulbrich method, the variability of the rain integral parameters R, Z, Nw, D0 and...

Prognostic equations for the rain mass mixing ratio and the rain drop number concentration are introduced into the large-scale cloud microphysics parameterization of the ECHAM5 general circulation model (ECHAM5-RAIN). For this a rain flux from one level to the next with the appropriate fall speed is introduced. This maintains rain water in 5 the atmosphere to be available for the next time step...

The general interest in the potential use of the mm and sub-mm frequencies up to 425 GHz resolution from geostationary orbit is increasing due to the fact that the frequent time sampling and the comparable spatial resolution relative to the “classical” (≤89 GHz) microwave frequencies would allow the monitoring of precipitating intense events for the assimilation of rain in now-casting weather p...

[1] Microwave links can be used to estimate the pathaveraged rain rate along the link when precipitation occurs. They take advantage of the near proportionality between the specific attenuation affecting the link signal and the rain rate. This paper deals with the influence of the spatial variability of rainfall along the link on the accuracy of the rainfall estimates. We focus on single-polari...

Rain attenuation is one of the most dominant impairment factors that degrade the performance of satellite communications at Ka band and above. In order to solve the technical bottlenecks in the existing Ka-band satellite communication schemes, the authors has introduced the emerging Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) technology into multi-beam satellite communication systems, and conseq...

R E P L Y I thank Drs. Mezon and Badner for their thoughts on the case, but I don't think diminished gas flow in the face o f increased minute volume explains the rapid hypercarbia. Firstly, within 15 min the PETCO 2 increased from 32 to 45 mmHg without alteration o f ventilation or fresh gas flow. Secondly, I have never seen a doubling o f PETCO 2 simply by increasing the minute volume without...

The objective of this paper is to identify strategies for the U S electric utility industry for reduction of both acid rain producing and global warming gasses The research used the EPRI Electric Generation Expansion Analysis System (EGEAS) utility optimization / simulation modeling structure and the EPRI developed regional utilities It focuses on the North East and East Central region of the U...

Spatial interpolation of precipitation data is uncertain. How important is this uncertainty and how can it be considered in evaluation of high-resolution probabilistic precipitation forecasts? These questions are discussed by experimental evaluation of the COSMO consortium’s limitedarea ensemble prediction system COSMO-LEPS. The applied performance measure is the often used Brier skill score (B...

A rain field reconstruction and downscaling methodology is presented, which allows suitable integration of large scale rainfall information and rain-gauge measurements at the ground. The former data set is assumed to provide probabilistic indicators that are used to infer the parameters of the probability density function of the stochastic rain process at each pixel site. Rain-gauge measurement...