Mountain regions in Western Europe have gone through a massive rural–urban migration and the collapse of their traditional socioeconomic system. As result, forest has occupied many old pastures croplands. In protected areas – such as National Parks changes landscape can affect biodiversity other services, including values that motivated declaration. Any policy decision these requires quantifyin...

Landscapes, whose characters are the result of action and interaction natural and/or human factors, dynamic. Proper understanding today’s landscapes is only possible through knowledge their historical dimension, in other words, changes that have occurred time-slices or time-depth. Historic Landscape Characterization (HLC) an approach to management present historic environment as a product past ...

iran with 2500 years ancient culture has been the witness of many changes during the history.the natural context of these habitats has been the victim of some changes during the years, which have roots in people beliefs in each period. but the point which we understand by studding the context of different cultures in iran is, despite the changes in dominions and religions along the history iran...