Regulation produces enormous benefits and costs, both of which are greatly influenced by myriad exemptions and preferences for small firms that contribute a significant minority of output in many sectors. These firms may generate a disproportionate share of harm due to their being exempt and because exemption induces additional harmful activity to be channeled their way. This article analyzes o...

This paper formulates a dynamic model of global carbon consumption in the absence of an effective international agreement. Each period, countries extract carbon from the global ecosystem. A country’s output depends both on its carbon usage and on“stored carbon” in the ecosystem. We characterize Business-as-usual (BAU) equilibria as smooth, Markov Perfect equilibrium profiles of carbon usage acr...

Drawing upon climate change damage functions previously proposed in the literature that we have calibrated to a common level of damages at 2.5 C, we examine the effect upon the social cost of carbon (SCC) of varying the specification of damages in a DICE-like integrated assessment model. In the absence of risk aversion, all of the SCC estimates but one agree within a factor of two. The effect o...

In most countries, environmental regulation focuses on local pollution, which causes damages near the emission source, while regulation on global pollutants such as greenhouse gases (GHG) has been slow. Theoretically, local and global pollutants can either be substitutes or complements in production, implying that local pollution regulation may either intensify or reduce global warming concerns...

nowadays, environmental problems such as air pollution are the most effective factors in metropolitans. so that, the most important effect of environmental factors such as air pollution has been on prices of residential houses. so, investigation the effects of different factors on residential houses shows that prices have special importance. this article has investigated an environmental approa...

The development of the electricity sector in Albania continues to be fenced by high rates inefficiencies, insufficient security supply, low rate RES investment including wind power plants and need further unbundle liberalise energy market following adoption legal basis, GHG credits is inevitable. A lot issues are set face challenges transition, oriented Albanian government’s endeavor maintain a...