the aim of present article is determining economic value of air pollution and environmental effects of mashhad city air pollution. data of 286 households of mashhad was gathered through questionnaire in a survey reaserch using stratified random sampling method in year 2006. in order to detemine environmental effects of air pollution choice experiment approach - which gives the most perfect envi...

nowadays, environmental problems such as air pollution are the most effective factors in metropolitans. so that, the most important effect of environmental factors such as air pollution has been on prices of residential houses. so, investigation the effects of different factors on residential houses shows that prices have special importance. this article has investigated an environmental approa...

the purpose of this paper is to investigate causality relationship between emission of carbon dioxide, the level of national income and energy consumption in iran consumption of fuel fossil as an input of production or as a final consumption which produces significant amount of pollution such as green house gases in the world. c02 emission is the most important green – house gases which has the...

the purpose of this study is estimate the protection value of gavkhony wetland ecosystem attributes with use of choice experiment approach and conditional logit model. data needed extracted from six different choice experiment questionnaires filled out by 500 random households in isfahan and varzane city. each questionnaire contained 72 hypothetical policies (options), 36 choice sets, 2442 obse...

Hedonic property value models are often used to place a value on localized amenities and disamenities. In practice, however, results may be affected by (i) omitted variable bias and (ii) whether homebuyers and sellers are aware of, and respond to, the assumed environmental measure. In this paper we undertake an alternative stated preference (SP) approach that eliminates the potential for unobse...

We use conjoint choice questions to investigate people’s preferences for income and reductions in mortality risks delivered by contaminated site remediation policies. Our survey is self-administered using the computer by residents of four cities in Italy with severely contaminated sites. We estimate the Value of a Statistical Life to be about €5-6 million for an immediate risk reduction. If the...

This paper introduces the concepts of amount and speed of a discounting procedure. Exponential discounting sequesters both concepts into a single parameter that needs to be disaggregated in order to characterize nonconstant rate procedures. The inverse of the present value of a unit stream of benefits provides a natural measure of the amount a procedure discounts the future. We propose geometri...

The pursuit of sustainable development requires balancing the objectives of FDI, Trade, economic growth and environmental protection. Achieving a balance between these often-conflicting priorities is difficult enough at the national level, where competing interests are at least grounded in a common environmental, social and economic context. At the international level, where different countries...

this paper attempts to employ microeconomics methodology to answer the following questions: for which group of society the consumption pattern which is used as a basis to calculate consumer price index (cpi) and inflation rate, stands for is there any difference between inflation rate of poor and rich households in iran? calculations done in this paper show that the consumption pattern which be...

The Type Three Secretion System (T3SS), or injectisome, is a macromolecular infection machinery present in many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. It consists of a basal body, anchored in both bacterial membranes, and a hollow needle through which effector proteins are delivered into the target host cell. Two different architectures of the T3SS needle have been previously proposed. First, an at...