Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide and its five-year survival rate is under 10% [1,2]. The lungs are most common sites of metastasis of HCC and pulmonary metastatic rate of HCC is estimated around 45% [3]. After comprehensive treatment of HCC, the patients’ survival time is prolonged but companied with a high rate of late pulmona...

Pulmonary metastasis is a frequent cause of poor outcome in cancer patients. The formation of pulmonary metastasis is greatly facilitated by recruitment of myeloid cells, which are crucial for tumor cell survival and extravasation. During inflammation, homing of myeloid cells is mediated by endothelial activation, raising the question of a potential role for endothelial activation in myeloid ce...

Chemokines and chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) play an important role in metastasis. CXCR4 is also expressed in the human osteosarcoma cell line 9607-F5M2 (F5M2), which has a high tumorigenic ability and potential for spontaneous pulmonary metastasis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contribute to the formation of the tumor stroma and promote metastasis. However, mechanisms underlying the promotion o...

BACKGROUND Autophagy is an important adaptive survival mechanism, which has been postulated to be involved in cancer metastasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate autophagy in metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of autophagic activity in metastatic and paired primary HCC tissues using LC3 as autophagosome marker was performed in sample...

and soft tissue, and commonly metastasizes to the lungs, showing multiple nodules. The metastatic lung lesions rarely cavitate(1-5), though a angiosarcoma with cavitary metastasis can be complicated by hemopneumothorax(1-5). Metastatic lung lesions showing both cavities and pulmonary hemorrhage on high resolution CT have not, however, been reported. We describe a case of angiosarcoma of the sca...