While pharmaceutical patent terms have increased in Canada, increases in patented drug spending have been mitigated by price controls and retrenchment of public prescription drug subsidy programs. We estimate the net effects of these offsetting policies on domestic pharmaceutical R&D expenditures and also provide an upper-bound estimate on the effects of these policies on Canadian pharmaceutica...

Public health and long-term care spending is set to rise... Public spending on health and long-term care is likely to put considerable pressure on government budgets in the future. Such spending has already risen over the past three decades, accelerating since the turn of the century to reach almost 7% of GDP for OECD countries on average in 2005.1 OECD projections suggest that in the absence o...

BACKGROUND Public spending on health care in many developing countries falls short to provide a comprehensive set of essential health services, which indicates the need to target and prioritize resources. However, governments often attempt to provide free services to the whole population, and often spend resources on low-impact services. This results in an inequitable and inefficient use of res...

DO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INCENTIVES CROWD OUT PUBLIC EXPENDITURES IN U.S. STATES? Jia Wang Abstract: This paper sets out to investigate whether incentives spending crowds out public spending in U.S. states. Using data from an evolving national database, this paper employs a two-way fixed effect panel framework and GMM approach to account for the dynamic features associated with public expenditur...

We present a method for blind certifying end-users' public keys and its application in offline electronic cash. A blind certificate of a public key is similar to an ordinary public-key certificate, however the identity of the certificate holder is concealed under the key certified. A digital signature supported by a blind certificate can be verified without identifying the signer. The technique...

We present Catena, an efficiently-verifiable Bitcoin witnessing scheme. Catena enables any number of thin clients, such as mobile phones, to efficiently agree on a log of applicationspecific statements managed by an adversarial server. Catena implements a log as an OP_RETURN transaction chain and prevents forks in the log by leveraging Bitcoin’s security against double spends. Specifically, if ...

We explore the welfare implications of several …scal policies in an estimated two-country New Open Economy Macroeconomics (NOEM) model of the European Monetary Union (EMU). The model features incomplete …nancial markets, home bias in …nal consumption baskets and in input utilization. We …rstly de…ne the optimal policy. In addition to the optimal provision of public goods, the optimal policy inv...

OBJECTIVE Analysing the magnitude, composition, evolution and trends in Colombian national spending on health, forming a proposal and making an important contribution towards knowledge re the reality of social health security. METHODOLOGY The results obtained respond to an ongoing effort to systematise and standardise the adopted methodology and update calculations and estimates for the eleve...

This paper addresses the important question of whether public investment spending on economic infrastructure enhances economic growth and labor productivity in Argentina. Following the lead of the endogenous growth literature, it presents a simple modified production function that explicitly includes the positive or negative externality effects generated by public investment. Using cointegratio...

OBJECTIVE To examine whether greater state-level spending on social and public health services such as income, education and public safety is associated with lower rates of teenage births in USA. DESIGN Ecological study. SETTING USA. PARTICIPANTS 50 states. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Our primary outcome measure was teenage birth rates. For analyses, we constructed marginal models using rep...