The range of placebo mechanisms can be bewil­ dering, but evolution provides an overarching theoretical framework that permits the integration of the different levels of explanation. Tinbergen’s (1963) classification, for example, divides the causes of behaviours such as placebo responses into proximate mechanisms and ultimate mechan isms (Box 1). This framework allows the integration of physio...

The proximate and phytochemical composition of the Fruits of Solanum indicum was investigated. The proximate composition includes crude fibre (8% wet weight), total carbohydrate (40.67% wet weight), crude protein (23.47% wet weight), total ash (22.66% wet weight), crude fat (5.26% wet weight) and caloric value of (303.9 wet weight). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids...

Positive autocorrelation implies that proximate observations take on similar values. “Proximate” can be defined in many different dimensions. In a cross-section of nations, it can be defined using physical distance, cultural similarity, ecological similarity, or using frequency and intensity of interaction, such as trade relationships or enemy and ally relationships. Autocorrelation of regressi...

Scientific investigations on Aloe vera have gained more attention over the last several decades due to its reputable medicinal properties. Aloe vera has a long history as a medicinal plant with diverse therapeutic applications. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the amount of dietary inclusion of Aloe vera leaves. Many of the health benefits associated with Aloe vera have been attributed d...

In the early part of the twentieth century, neoclassical economic theorists began to explore mathematical models of maximization. The theories of human behavior that they produced explored how optimal human agents, who were subject to no internal computational resource constraints of any kind, should make choices. During the second half of the twentieth century, empirical work laid bare the lim...

Development and projections in the field of PDAs and wireless communication architectures let us consider new applications which exploit short range and direct exchanges. In a close future we may imagine mobile users equipped with wireless PDAs dynamically and spontaneously exchanging rich information in an ad hoc manner. In such a context, a connection between two PDAs may be broken at any tim...

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There is disagreement in the literature about the exact nature of the phenomenon of empathy. There are emotional, cognitive, and conditioning views, applying in varying degrees across species. An adequate description of the ultimate and proximate mechanism can integrate these views. Proximately, the perception of an object's state activates the subject's corresponding representations, which in ...

Received 8/8/2012 Accepted 7/3/2013 (005796) 1 Departamento de Nutrição Básica e Experimental, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowisky, s/n, bloco J, 2o andar, sala 16, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Centro de Química de Alimentos e Nutrição Ap...

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss can be classified as the premier salmonid species. It is one of the most famous fish species in nature. At the same time, is also recognized and accepted as farmed fish species in many countries, because of its exceptional nutritive quality, rapid growth (Tekeliog, 2000) and exceptionally tolerant to environmental conditions (Simonovic, 2001). Worldwide produc...