HAYDN’S TWO GREAT ORATORIOS, The Creation and The Seasons (Die Schöpfung and Die Jahreszeiten) stand as monuments—on either side of the year 1800—to the Enlightenment and to the Austrian Enlightenment in particular. This is not to claim that they have no connection with what would often be considered more “progressive”— broadly speaking, romantic—tendencies. However, like Haydn himself, they ar...

ion of the metaphysical concept of divine being is thus overcome, and the concrete unity of God as Spirit for Hegel, the trinitarian conception is ultimately embraced. What is thus advocated, and what emerges ultimately from this Calvary of absolute Spirit, is meant to be a deeper and purified conception of God. The result is that spiritual transcendence is no longer distinct from immanence, bu...

theory about the origins, process and structure of the universe. Theologies and cosmologies outline how the universe happened, how it works and how it continues to happen. Consider how the Medieval world worked, according to both theologians and scientists. The universe was a three-story apartment building. Heaven on the penthouse, full of stars and God. Earth on the middle floor, housing peopl...

the process theology is one of the theological systems which spread during postmodern period. this kind of theology tries to revive the spiritual system. david ray griffin is one of the process theologians and has many systematic researches. according to his idea, spiritual system in pre- modern considers the world in a way that is subjugated to an all-powerful being that unilaterally intervene...

T o LOOK SACK on our theological past is to see how much christian theologians and philosophers have neglected the exploration of hope. Charles Peguy once suggested that while her two 'sisters', love and faith, were the concern both of medieval and of reformation thought, hope has remained the neglected little sister out in the cold. What has in fact been written on hope in this century has oft...