This paper studies discretionary charges, which I define to be fees and levies that are collected at the discretion of local officials, as firm output distortions. I document that there is an inverted-U relationship between size of firms and discretionary charges paid by firms in China. I build a simple political economy model that captures interactions between firms and local officials. These ...

Under the situation of the furious compet.ition among the leasing companies, the important problem for a leasing company's management is to determine a lease charge on each lease contract suitably from the managemmt viewpoint. A lease charge is considered to be suitable when the leasing company can get an appropriate profit through the contract. But quite a lot of leasing companies adopt a full...

pricing for an insurance policy can be described as the process of calculation of expectedcompensation to be paid to property losers as well as associated costs of potential risks. loss forecast isaccurate if the risks will be identified appropriately in order to calculate the frequency and expected severityof losses.this is particularly important about environmental risks since most of them ap...

Cloud computing platforms such as Amazon Web Services, Google Compute Engine, and Rackspace Public Cloud have been the subject of numerous measurement studies considering performance, reliability, and cost efficiency. However, little attention has been paid to billing. Cloud providers rely upon complex, large-scale billing systems that track customer resource usage at fine granularity and gener...

Ferroelectric random access memory is still challenging in the feature of combination of room temperature stability, non-destructive readout and high intensity storage. As a non-contact and non-destructive information readout method, surface potential has never been paid enough attention because of the unavoidable decay of the surface potential contrast between oppositely polarized domains. Tha...

the destruction of profit and its consequent liability has a crucial role in regulating legal and social relations. in contracts, like hire, sale and sharecropping and also in extra contractual liability such as destroying, usurpation and receiving, lawyers and jurists have partially argued about the subject and have tried to offer a legal and jurisprudent interpretation, in order to compensate...

In 1994 MetLife paid claims from group health policy insured for 1,004 radical prostatectomies and 1,597 transurethral resections of the prostate (TURPs). The total average hospital and physician charges were $18,680 and $7,600, respectively, with marked geographic variation evident for both procedures by area and state. The Pacific area led with a total charge of $20,790 for a radical prostate...

Abstract This chapter is devoted to the issue of paid work. Despite analyses dominating today that perceive work as an obstacle parenting, I argue important obligation arising from parenthood. My analysis indicates becoming a parent has consequences on how individuals It becomes more and there bigger focus level earnings. Polish parents feel enormous economic pressures in connection having chil...