The building of virtual reality system for the opencast mine is a complicated and systemic project. The building process of virtual system includes data collection, GIS geodatabase, model designing and raster textures making. GIS data is from field survey, maps, and remote sensing images. The import phase is the building of kinds of models in different environment. This paper introduced several...

during the last recent decades, restructuring in the electricity industry has been considered as an economical policy. consequently, it was able to increase private investment, competition, efficiency, and productivity. the purpose of restructuring electricity industry is to change electricity industry organization, in order to omit monopoly and increase competition. recognition of restructurin...

The elevational gradient of species richness is often claimed to mirror the latitudinal gradient and has traditionally been explained by assuming a decrease in productivity with elevation and more recently by Rapoport's rule. The influence of area on the pattern has rarely been considered. Analyses of all South American tropical land birds (more than one-fourth of the extant bird species on Ear...

Introduction Since early ’90 GIS has become a sophisticated system for maintaining and analysing spatial and semantic information on spatial objects. The need for 3D information is rapidly increasing. 2D GIS analysis have shown its limitations in some situations, e.g. noise prediction models (noise spreads out in three dimensions) (Kluijver and Stoter, 2003), water flood models, air pollution m...

Convergence is occurring in the fields of architectural and engineering design, construction, and GIS. The primary goal is to ensure that everyone working on a building, road or highway, and infrastructure project has a seamless flow of design information. The primary business drivers for this transformative technology advance are productivity and efficiency in the design, construction and faci...

Information technology tools are being used more frequently by transportation agencies all over the United States in an attempt to increase productivity. Especially, very large depository of documents such as, right of way (ROW) maps or plan files for each state road sections ever built and kept by these agencies constitute a major challenge in terms of their efficient processing and retrieval ...