Naturally arising CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (T(R)) cells have been shown to prevent and cure murine T cell-mediated colitis. However, their exact mechanism of controlling colitogenic memory CD4+ T cells in in vivo systems excluding the initial process of naive T cell activation and differentiation has not been examined to date. Using the colitogenic effector memory (T(EM)) CD4+ cell-mediated colit...

The consequences of interactions between dendric cells (DCs) and either naive CD4+ T cells or regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells on the expression of proinflammatory IL-6 and anti-inflammatory IL-10 in DC were examined over a period of 12 h, spanning the time frame during which stable T cell-DC interactions shape the development of tolerance and immunity in vivo. We demonstrate that the basal product...

Betulin and betulinic acid, plant-derived triterpenoid compounds, have been described to possess anti-inflammatory activity. In this paper, we examine the ability of both compounds to induce and modulate cytokine production in human whole blood cell cultures. The results indicate that betulin is a modest TNF-alpha inducer and also an enhancer of mitogen-induced TNF-alpha production. In contrast...

NK-derived cytokines play important roles for natural killer (NK) function, but how the cytokines are regulated is poorly understood. CD160 is expressed on activated NK or T cells in humans but its function is unknown. We generated CD160-deficient mice to probe its function. Although CD160(-/-) mice showed no abnormalities in lymphocyte development, the control of NK-sensitive tumors was severe...

4-1BB (CD137) is a costimulatory member of the TNFR family expressed on activated T cells. Its ligand, 4-1BBL, is expressed on activated APC. In the mouse, CD8 T cells are preferentially activated by agonistic anti-murine 4-1BB Abs. However, murine 4-1BBL can stimulate both CD4 and CD8 T cells. To date, there are only limited data on the effects of 4-1BBL on human T cell responses. To further u...

isotopic and nuclear techniques play an important role in food and agriculture, health and industry. in the agricultural sciences and food technology sectors, recent research has elucidated the new potential application of radiation for microbial decontamination, food preservation, improve the nutritional quality of  foods  and effectively utilise its potential as human food or animal feed. the...