This work presents a review of studies on the process economics of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials published since 1996. Our objective was to identify the most costly process steps and the impact of various parameters on the final production cost, e.g. plant capacity, raw material cost, and overall product yield, as well as process configuration. The variation in estimated eth...

I n today’s biopharmaceutical pipeline, monoclonal antibodies are a predominant modality for a broad range of clinical indications, including inflammatory disorders, oncology, and infectious diseases.1 More than two dozen antibody-based products are commercially available. In 2004, six of the 12 new biopharmaceutics that gained approval in the United States and Europe were antibody-based produc...

Because of the recent increase in the gas price and interest in environmental issues, the demand of ethanol as substitute of gasoline is rapidly increasing. Basically, 5 steps are included in ethanol production composed of grinding, cooking, fermentation, distillation, and hydration. In each step, there are several ideas to improve its productivity and benefitablity. In this paper, I put some e...

Iso-butene is an important material for the production of chemicals and polymers. It can take part in various chemical reactions, such as hydrogenation, oxidation and other additions owing to the presence of a reactive double bond. It is usually obtained as a by-product of a petroleum refinery, by Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) of naphtha or gas-oil. However, an interesting alternative to i...