The marketing mix refers to variables that a marketing manager can control to influence a brand’s sales or market share. Traditionally, these variables are summarized as the four Ps of marketing: product, price, promotion, and place (i.e., distribution; McCarthy, 1996). Product refers to aspects such as the firm’s portfolio of products, the newness of those products, their differentiation from ...

Using a structural VAR with block exogeneity, diagonality and identifying restrictions, this paper analyzes: first, the macroeconomic linkages among the oil price, U.S. output, interest rate, money supply, general price level and exchange rate and second, the relationships of the macroeconomic variables with the price indices of ten international nonfuel commodity groups. By assuming the block ...

We present an axiomatic characterization of price measures that are superadditive and comonotonic additive for normally distributed random variables. The price representation derived, involves a probability measure transform that is closely related to the Esscher transform, and we call it the Esscher-Girsanov transform. In a financial market in which the primary asset price is represented by a ...

We derive general integral representation of the price formulas for European options whose terminal payoff involves path dependent lookback variables. The intricacies in the derivaiton procedures using partial differential equation techniques stem from the degenerate nature of the pricing models, where the lookback state variables appear only in the auxiliary conditions but not in the governing...

Time and brand dummy variables are typically used as controls for omitted variables. The operating assumption made is that time dummies control for unobserved factors affecting price and brand dummies control for unobserved factors affecting quality. We investigate the validity of the latter assumption by explicitly controlling for supply and demand factors in hedonic regressions for stereo rec...

Pplications of random utility models to scanner data have been widely presented in marketing for the last 20 years. One particular problem with these applications is that they have ignored possible correlations between the independent variables in the deterministic component of utility (price, promotion, etc.) and the stochastic component or error term. In fact, marketing-mix variables, such as...

Stock price crash risk is a phenomenon in which stock prices are subject to severe negative and sudden adjustments. So far, different approaches have been proposed to model and predict  the  stock price crash risk, which in most cases have been the main emphasis on the factors affecting it, and often traditional methods have been used for prediction. On the other hand, using  Meta Heuristic Alg...

The present paper analyses the relations between food and oil prices for Malaysia using a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) model. The bounds test of the NARDL specification suggests the presence of cointegration among the variables, which include the food price, oil price and real GDP. The estimated NARDL model affirms the presence of asymmetries in the food price behavior. Nam...

One of the most important methods of opacity accounting information by management is to accelerate the identification of good news versus delaying the identification of bad news on profits, but there is always a final level of accumulation of bad news in the company, and by reaching that its final level, these bad news will be released, which will lead to a Stock Price Crash Risk. In fact, stoc...

The aim of this paper is to compare various real estate valuation models and the manner in which they take into account environmental variables. The reference model is taken to be a standard linear regression model including ordinal variables to measure environmental quality. This type of model is widely used. It is first compared to linear models which incorporate environmental quality notes e...