This study compares average price levels for pharmaceuticals in eight countries--Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, and the United Kingdom--relative to the United States. Our most comprehensive indexes, adjusted for U.S. manufacturer discounts, show Japan's prices to be higher than U.S. prices, and other countries' prices ranging from 6 percent to 33 percent lower than U.S. p...

Cross-bidding is a new strategy used in online auctions. The bidder simultaneously monitors several identical auctions, taking advantage of their price differential. We examined the determinants and outcomes of cross-bidding behavior and the contingent factors that shape it. Using empirical data, we demonstrated that cross-bidders can realize significant price discounts compared to non-cross-bi...

This paper applied a mixed integer programming approach to solve the sourcing and order allocation problem with multiple products and multiple suppliers in a supply chain. The decision process is driven bymultiple objectives and a set of constraints. Two schemes of quantity discounts are used to compare the influence upon the buying decisions. An example and an experimental test are presented t...

BACKGROUND The AMNOG regulation, introduced in 2011 in Germany, changed the game for new drugs. Now, the industry is required to submit a dossier to the GBA (the central decision body in the German sickness fund system) to show additional benefit. After granting the magnitude of the additional benefit by the GBA, the manufacturer is entitled to negotiate the reimbursement price with the GKV-SV ...

This paper investigates the backorder rate inventory problem with defective units. In practice, the uncertainties of customer’s demand and backorder rate are inherent; hence, backorder rate and customer’s demand are not constant. In this study, we assume that the backorder rate is dependent on the amount of shortages and backorder price discounts, and the lead time demand follows a mixture of d...

Demand-based pricing is underused in many service industries, because customers are believed to perceive such pricing as unfair. Fencing can be highly effective in improving the perceived fairness of demand-based pricing. In this study, five fences were explored in a restaurant context across three countries (Singapore, Sweden, and the United States). Demand-based pricing in the form of coupons...

and Applied Analysis 3 Table 1: Comparison between the papers discussing integrated inventory model with a trade credit. Author s Demand rate Production rate Production/purchase cost Freight rate Wholesale price Abad and Jaggi 39 Retail price sensitive Constant Constant — Constant Jaber and Osman 40 Constant — — — Constant Yang and Wee 41 Retail price sensitive — Constant — Constant Sheen and T...

Optimal ordering and pricing policy with supplier quantity discounts and price-dependent stochastic demand Jianmai Shi a b , Guoqing Zhang b & Kin Keung Lai c a School of Information System and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China b Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor ON, Canada c Department of M...

Trust is a major issue in Internet transactions. This paper presents a model of trust on the Internet that focuses on three dimensions of trust. It investigates the perceived value a consumer places on these dimensions when set in the context of different product categories, price discounts and immediacy of purchase. It is argued that the more willing an Internet merchant is to heed these three...

Indian organized retail industry is poised for growth. In order to attract customers price discounts in retail sector are the norm rather than an exception. The most common type of monetary promotions includes discounts, coupons, and rebates. Promotions helps organizations to grow market share, increase sales volume, sell faster, cultivate loyal customers, and drown out competitor advertising. ...