The empirical differential equation that describes the kinetics of monazomycin-induced voltage-dependent conductance is derived using a standard chemical kinetic formulation and the assumption that monazomycin entry into and exit from the membrane is autocatalytic. The predicted form of gating currents is shown and numerical calculations for this process are made using a range of values for two...

Large deviations from the behavior predicted by the Butler-Volmer equation of electrochemistry are accounted for using mesoscopic nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The nonequilibrium thermodynamic hypotheses are extended to include velocity space and cope with imperfect reactant transport leading to departures from Butler-Volmer behavior. This results in a modified Butler-Volmer equation in good a...

A relativistic extension of the particle-particle hole-hole ring-diagram many-body formalism is developed by using the Dirac equation for single-particle motion in the medium. Applying this new formalism, calculations are performed for nuclear matter. The results show that the saturation density is improved and the equation of state becomes softer as compared to corresponding Dirac-Brueckner-Ha...

The dependence of K+ production on the nuclear equation of state is investigated in heavy-ion collisions. An increase of the excitation function of K+ multiplicities obtained in heavy (Au+Au) over light (C+C) systems when going far below threshold which has been observed by the KaoS Collaboration strongly favors a soft equation of state. This observation holds despite the influence of an in-med...

A stochastic optimal control strategy for partially observable nonlinear systems is proposed. The optimal control force consists of two parts. The first part is determined by the conditions under which the stochastic optimal control problem of a partially observable nonlinear system is converted into that of a completely observable linear system. The second part is determined by solving the dyn...

We have developed a scaled parametric equation of state to describe and predict thermodynamic properties of supercooled water. The equation of state, built on the growing evidence that the critical point of supercooled liquid-liquid water separation exists, is universal in terms of theoretical scaling fields and is shown to belong to the Ising-model class of universality. The theoretical scalin...

Flow over a downstream-facing step is predicted using the F.E.M. A two-equation model of turbulence is employed where the transport of turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate are depicted using transport-type equations, i.e. the two-equation model of turbulence. The results obtained are compared with other models and experimental results. Generally, the model was found to be under-predic...

A method of averaging is applied to study the dynamics of a kink in the damped double sine-Gordon equation driven by both external (nonparametric) and parametric periodic forces at high frequencies. This theoretical approach leads to the study of a double sine-Gordon equation with an effective potential and an effective additive force. Direct numerical simulations show how the appearance of two...

The structure of 3:3 and 1:3 electrolyte solutions at various concentrations and several cation/anion size ratios has been analyzed in terms of triplet and pair correlation functions, by means of simulation and a triplet integral equation theory derived from the inhomogeneous Ornstein–Zernike equation. The interaction model consists of a truncated and shifted Coulomb plus the Ramanathan– Friedm...