background: measuring and monitoring of air pollutants are one of environmental and all' pollution controls tools. due to lack of widespread data in iran, this study was performed to estimate the trends of major pollutant emissions to atmosphere in the uk from 1980 to 1996. methods: this investigation is a retrospective study that the data were collected from the departments of environment, tra...

Advances in the visualization and prediction of turbulence are shedding new light on mass transfer in the turbulent boundary layer. These discoveries have important implications for many topics in environmental science and engineering, from the transport of earth-warming CO2 across the sea-air interface, to nutrient processing and sediment erosion in rivers, lakes, and the ocean, to pollutant r...

1. General Modeling Methods 1.1. Pollutant Transport 1.2. Modeling Recommendations 2. Optimization 2.1. The Effect Function 2.2. The Objective Function 2.2.1. The Gradient of the Objective Function 2.3. Constraints 2.4. Algorithmic Considerations 3. Three Important Transport Modes 3.1. Advection and Convection 3.2. Diffusion 3.3. Dispersion 3.4. Combinations 3.4.1. Numerical Considerations 4. C...