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Humans are a coalitional, parochial species. Yet, extreme actions of solidarity are sometimes taken for distant or unrelated groups. What motivates people to become solidary with groups to which they do not belong originally? Here, we demonstrate that such distant solidarity can occur when the perceived treatment of an out-group clashes with one's political beliefs (e.g., for Leftists, oppressi...

the internet and social media have played a significant role in contemporarypolitical sphere of indonesia. in particular, they have been widely usedfor political activism and discussion; but whether the discussions areconstructive is another issue. constructive political discussion requiresseveral preconditions; one of the most important requirements is rationalreasoning. citizens must be equip...

While the relation between the individual and the state belongs clearly to one of the most complex issues in Western political philosophy, the relation between the Socrates of the Apology and that of the Crito ranks, accordingly, as one of the most contentious problems in the entire Socratic scholarship. This is due to the fact that in the Apology (29 c–d) one is confronted with a defiant rebel...

The paper considers the nature of the state understood as the political unity articulated on the basis of a collective identity which provides the state with its capacity to make decisions. The foremost decision of the state to protect and defend this identity is the source of its authority to enforce laws. Collective identity thus represents an object of special interest, unlike both ‘‘politic...