In this paper, we construct a new indexmeasuring the strength of intellectual property (IP) protection for plant varieties in 69 countries over the period 1961–2011. We examine the statistical properties of the index and compare it with other indicators of IP protection. We conclude that the index provides a reasonable synthetic assessment of the relative strength of IP protection in plant vari...

This paper investigates how much solar UV protection is provided by the shade of Australian trees and the anatomical distribution of personal UV exposures in the shade of these trees. Personal UV exposures in tree shade are of a high enough value to require additional UV reduction strategies. A well planned strategy using a combination of protective methods can minimize the level of exposure to...

Due to their size, existing expert systems often run on stand-alone PCs, workstations or mainframes. Additionally, they are frequently integrated into other systems (e. g. PROLOG knowledge bases with C/C++ GUI user interfaces and databases). While business via the Internet is continually growing, currently certain vendors are considering ooering their services via the World Wide Web. This artic...

In this paper, we construct a new index that measures the strength of intellectual property (IP) protection for plant varieties for 69 countries over the period 1961-2011. We examine the statistical properties of the index and we compare it with other measures of IP protection. We conclude that the indicator provides a reasonable proxy for assessing the relative strength of IP protection in pla...

1 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 2 Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 3 Department of Plant Sciences, Tree Protect...

In this paper, we construct a new index that measures the strength of intellectual property (IP) protection for plant varieties for 69 countries over the period 1961-2011. We examine the statistical properties of the index and we compare it with other measures of IP protection. We conclude that the indicator provides a reasonable proxy for assessing the relative strength of IP protection in pla...

In 2008-2010 grain yield and fodder value of winter triticale cv. Kitaro were assessed. The level of plant protection covered three technologies with various production intensity. Grain yield of winter triticale cultivated on the higher agro technical level was 7,56 t/ha and was respectively almost 36% higher than the yield obtained from standard technology. The intensity of plant protection ag...