Introduction: The current study aimed at investigating the existence of the cross state-dependent learning between morphine and scopolamine (SCO) in mice by passive avoidance method, pointing to the role of CA1 area.  Methods: The effects of pre-training SCO (0.75, 1.5, and 3 μg, Intra-CA1), or morphine (1, 3, and 6 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.) was evaluated on the retrieval of passiv...

As mobile robots venture into more complex environments, more arbitrary feasible state-space trajectories and paths are required to move safely and efficiently. The capacity to effectively navigate such paths in the face of disturbances and changes in mobility can mean the difference between mission failure and success. This paper describes a technique for model predictive control of a mobile r...

There are several conflicting evidences showing the effect of morphine on learning and memory processes. In the present study the effect of chronic morphine administration on passive avoidance, active avoidance and spatial learning and memory of morphine dependent male rats using Passive Avoidance shuttle box and Morris Water Maze tasks were investigated, respectively. Male rats received morphi...

temporal lobe epilepsy (tle) is a disorder of the central nervous system in which hippocampus is mostly involved and causes memory impairment. kindling is a model of inducing epilepsy which is created through pentylenetetrazol (ptz) administration. this study examines the role of the aqueous extract of boswellia on the learning and development of brain (formation of dendritic branches and axons...

these experiments examined the effects of pre-test intra dorsal hippocampus (intra-ca1) administration of gabaa receptor agonist and antagonist, muscimol and bicuculline respectively, on state-dependent learning induced by lithium. male nmri mice were trained in a one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task, and immediately after training they received ip injections of either saline (10 ml/kg...

Morphine’s effects on learning and memory processes are well known to depend on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Whereas the role of the hippocampus in morphine-induced amnesia and state-dependent learning is established, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are poorly understood. The present study intended to investigate whether administration of morphine ...

introduction: the glutamatergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. administration of crocus sativus (saffron) or its constituent, crocin, facilitates the formation of memory. this research investigated the effect of crocin on antagonizing retrograde amnesia induced by ketamine, a glutamatergic receptor antagonist, in rats by shuttle box. methods:  male wistar rats were teste...

background: the cholinergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. administration of crocus sativus (saffron) or its constituent, crocin, facilitates the formation of memory. based on above findings, in the current study the effect of crocin in antagonizing retrograde amnesia induced by scopolamine, a cholinergic receptor antagonist, in rats was investigated by using shuttle box...

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) are involved in neuronal plasticity. To assess their role simultaneously in spatial working memory and non-cognitive learning, we used NMDAR antagonists and the Allothetic Place Avoidance Alternation Task (APAAT). In this test rats should avoid entering a place where shocks were presented on a rotating arena which requires cognitive coordination for the se...

This paper examines how liquid place can be created using three specific qualities: curiosity, questioning, and awareness. Three contexts were examined and analyzed to learn how to create liquid place and how to enhance learning in any given environment.