PURPOSE Salamander retinas are known to contain at least three cone pigments and two rod pigments. The purpose of this study was to clone and characterize the visual pigments from salamander cones. METHODS cDNA fragments of cone pigments were amplified from a salamander retina cDNA library by PCR using a pair of primers with consensus for visual pigments. These fragments were cloned and used ...

Diversification of cone pigment spectral sensitivities during evolution is a prerequisite for the development of color vision. Previous studies have identified two naturally occurring mechanisms that produce variation among vertebrate pigments by red-shifting visual pigment absorbance: addition of hydroxyl groups to the putative chromophore binding pocket and binding of chloride to a putative e...

The ability to measure objectively wound healing is important for an effective wound management. Describing wound tissues in terms of percentages of each tissue colour is an approved clinical method of wound assessment. Wound healing is indicated by the growth of the red granulation tissue, which is rich in small blood capillaries that contain haemoglobin pigment reflecting the red colour of th...

Geographical variation in the mimetic wing patterns of the butterfly Heliconius erato is a textbook example of adaptive polymorphism; however, little is known about how this variation is controlled developmentally. Using microarrays and qPCR, we identified and compared expression of candidate genes potentially involved with a red/yellow forewing band polymorphism in H. erato. We found that tran...

In connection with measurements of the metabolism of Blepharisma described in the preceding paper, the writer made certain observations on the red pigment of this organism. The pigment of the intact organism defies extraction with any of the common organic solvents, but it may easily be obtained in solution by macerating fresh cells in clean quartz sand and extracting with 90 per cent ethyl alc...

Tattoos are defined as the intentional or accidental deposit of pigment into the skin. These pigments have been associated with various dermatoses such as allergic contact dermatitis, lichenoid dermatitis, photoinduced reactions, and granulomatous, sarcoid and pseudolymphomatous reactions. The objective of this report was to describe the various types of reactions to pigments and the importance...

TRANSGENIC INSECTS can be given new characteristics, as illustrated by these five Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Normal individuals have what appear to be black eyes, the result of large amounts of red pigment. A mutant version of Ae. aegypti has white eyes because of the lack of an enzyme, kynurenine hydroxylase, required to synthesize the red pigment. This white-eyed condition can be altered via t...

The color in the pigment of the stain is caused when molecules absorb light in the visible wavelength range (400-780 nm) [10]. The wavelengths that are not absorbed will be reflected instead and are visible to the human eye. For example, red wine stains are red because the molecules absorb every wavelength that is not in the red range, and the red wavelengths (500-600 nm) are then reflected to ...