T HE CHARACTERISTICS of the electrocardiographic tracing are determined by three independent variables. The first of these involves the potentials generated by the myocardium during depolarization and repolarization. These potentials can be altered by a wide variety of physiologic states, as well as by intrinsic disease of the myocardium. The second factor relates to the properties of the extra...

Recent data underscore the importance of intertissue communication in the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis. Important signals are conveyed by hormones, cytokines, and fuel substrates and are sensed through a variety of cellular mechanisms. The ability of tissues to sense and adapt to changes in metabolic status and fuel availability is altered in insulin-resistant states including type...

Hormone replacement therapy by pellet implantation has been used with great success in the United States, Europe and Australia since 1938 and found to be superior to other methods of hormone delivery (Greenblatt 49, Mishnell 41, Cantrill 84, Stanczyk 88). It is not experimental. Pellets deliver consistent, physiologic levels of hormones and avoid the fluctuations of hormone levels seen with oth...

Hormone replacement therapy by pellet implantations has been used with great success in the United States, Europe and Australia since 1938 and found to be superior to other methods of hormone delivery (Greenblatt 49, Mishnell 41, Cantril 84, Stancyzyk 88). It is not experimental. Pellets deliver consistent, physiologic levels of hormones and avoid the fluctuations of hormone levels seen with ot...

Multimodality monitoring of cerebral physiology encompasses the application of different monitoring techniques and integration of several measured physiologic and biochemical variables into assessment of brain metabolism, structure, perfusion, and oxygenation status. Novel monitoring techniques include transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, neuroimaging, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion...

V ARIOUS forms of mechanical assistance are now being used clinically in attempts to alleviate acute heart failure." However, the physiologic effects of each type of assisted circulation upon the various decompensation syndromes are not well known and the results of their application in human patients have not been evaluated. The multiple measurements needed and the critical condition of the pa...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com 8]. The concept of shock index, defined as the ratio of heart rate and systolic blood pressure, first introduced by Allgower et al, in 1967 as a simple and effective means for gauging the degree of hypovolemia in hemorrhagic and infectious shock states [9]. Subsequently, experimental and clinical studies demonstrated that SI was inversely related to...

Under physiologic conditions a small percentage ( 3%) of red blood cells (RBCs) are irreversibly trapped within the fibrin clot mesh. By contrast, in prothrombotic states such as diabetes mellitus, significantly more RBCs are tightly bound to fibrin fibers. Such interactions affect clot properties, making it more resistant to fibrinolytic degradation. This phenomenon may explain thrombolytic re...

Heart failure (HF), particularly in the setting of preserved systolic function, disproportionately afflicts older individuals and results in significant morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. In the United States, among the Medicare population (age > 65 years), HF is among the leading cause of hospital admissions. Optimal care for older adults with HF requires knowledge of age-related phy...