This paper covers eight Salmonella serogroups, that are defined by O antigens with related structures and gene clusters. They include the serovars that are now most frequently isolated. Serogroups A, B1, B2, C2-C3, D1, D2, D3 and E have O antigens that are distinguished by having galactose as first sugar, and not N-acetyl glucosamine or N-acetyl galactosamine as in the other 38 serogroups, and ...

A method was recently proposed to estimate distances between a pair of given texts. The distance estimation appeared to be reliable enough to infer a phylogenic tree of languages, even though no error estimation has been provided. This essay reviews the method and explains its application for inferring phylogeny on a collection of heterogeneous texts. An approach for estimating the confidence o...

Two crystal structures of the C123S mutant of 2-methylisocitrate lyase have been determined, one with the bound reaction products, Mg(2+)-pyruvate and succinate, and the second with a bound Mg(2+)-(2R,3S)-isocitrate inhibitor. Comparison with the structure of the wild-type enzyme in the unbound state reveals that the enzyme undergoes a conformational transition that sequesters the ligand from s...

During a survey in the year 2010, a novel phlebovirus was isolated from the Rousettus leschenaultii species of bats in western India. The virus was identified by electron microscopy from infected Vero E6 cells. Phylogenic analysis of the complete genome showed its close relation to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and Heartland viruses, which makes it imperative to further stu...

GPCR-GRAPA-LIB is a library of HMMs describing G protein coupled receptor families. These families are initially defined by class of receptor ligand, with divergent families divided into subfamilies using phylogenic analysis and knowledge of GPCR function. Protein sequences are applied to the models with the GRAPA curve-based selection criteria. RefSeq sequences for Homo sapiens, Drosophila mel...

serovar isolated from a canal in Louisiana in 1978 revealed it to be identical to that of V. cholerae 01 isolated in 1905 from a pilgrim at the El Tor quarantine station. The two strains are associated with sharply contrasting habitats. Ranges of variation of 5 to 15% in procaryotic 5S rRNA sequences between species are typical; variation within species may be 2% or greater. Because the 5S rRNA...

Time calibration derived from the fossil record is essential for molecular phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. Fossil mice and rats, discovered in the Siwalik Group of Pakistan, have served as one of the best-known fossil calibration points in molecular phylogenic studies. Although these fossils have been widely used as the 12 Ma date for the Mus/Rattus split or a more basal split, conclusiv...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Biodeterioration is an irreversible damage that is caused by colonization of microorganisms on the surface of different materials. Among all microorganisms, fungi play an important role in deterioration of materials. Fungi can colonize on stone surfaces and by secreting different enzymes, organic and inorganic acids and pigments, can cause bio-weathering and changing n...