Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases, and Escherichia coli is known as the most dominant causative agent of this infection in 90-80% of patients. There is not much information about the phylogenetic groups, types, and virulence factors of E. coli, causing UTIs from Iran. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibi...

A fundamental problem in the study of phylogenetic networks is to determine whether or not a given phylogenetic network contains a given phylogenetic tree. We develop a quadratic-time algorithm for this problem for binary nearly-stable phylogenetic networks. We also show that the number of reticulations in a reticulation visible or nearly stable phylogenetic network is bounded from above by a f...

Snakes are a highly successful group of vertebrates, within great diversity in habitat, diet, and morphology. The unique adaptations for the snake skull for ingesting large prey in more primitive macrostomatan snakes have been well documented. However, subsequent diversification in snake cranial shape in relation to dietary specializations has rarely been studied (e.g. piscivory in natricine sn...

escherichia coli (e. coli) is a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates, including humans. phylogenetic analysis has shown that e. coli is composed of four main phylogenetic groups (a, b1, b2 and d). group a and b1 are generally associated with commensals, whereas group b2 is associated with extra-intestinal pathotypes. most enteropathogenic isolates, however, are assigne...

background and aims: newcastle disease virus (ndv) infection have been established in at least 241species of birds representing 27 of the 50 orders of the class.ndv isolate were obtained from infected ostrich flock during the outbreaks of nd in iran 2012. the f gene fragment which codes the main functional region of the f protein was obtained by rt-pcr and sequenced. methods: from the pathotype...

background and objectives: dengue has re-emerged as an important arboviral disease causing significant morbidity. it has become hyperendemic in the indian subcontinent with all four known dengue serotypes circulating. materials and methods: multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees of denv-3 were constructed to determine the extent of the isolated dengue virus genetic heterogeneity an...

In this study, two individuals of Tanypus chinesis, Chironomus kiiensis, Polypedilium nubifer and one individual of procladius denticulatus, Glyptotendipes meridionalis, Clinotanypus sp, Arielulus circumdatus were collected from the aquatic ecosystem of varthur lake, Bangalore, India. The mitochondrial DNA has been successfully isolated using modified CTAB method and 650 bp fragment of mitochon...

results we found a high number of pai markers such as pai icft073, pai iicft073, pai i536, pai iv536, pai ii j96 and pai ii536 significantly associated with upec. the pai iv536 was the most detected ones among fecal e. coli isolated from healthy people while pai i536, pai ii536 and pai ij96 were not seen. pcr phylogenetic groups typing revealed that uropathogenic strains were mainly found in b2...