Bacteriorhodopsin, in known amounts and controlled orientation, is incorporated into planar membrane films. These films are formed by the sequential transfer of two air-water interface films onto a thin, hydrophilic, electrically conductive support cast from nitrocellulose. The films are easily accessible to electrical measurements and to control of the ionic milieu on either side of the membra...

In this work a novel method to characterize quantum well (QW) structures and devices is presented. The method is based on the well-known surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS) and on numerical simulations. It is shown that the surface photovoltage is sensitive to the electron hole energy transition levels in the well layer as well as to features of other regions of the structure. The photovolt...

Free surfaces of semiconductors respond to light by varying their surface voltage (surface band bending). This photovoltage may be easily detected using a Kelvin probe. Modeling the transient temporal behavior after is turned off serve as means characterize several key electronic properties semiconductor, which are fundamental importance in numerous device applications, such transistors and sol...