A new technique for ascertaining the thermodynamic cloud phase from high-spectral-resolution ground-based infrared measurements made by the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) is presented. This technique takes advantage of the differences in the index of refraction of ice and water between 11 and 19 mm. The differences in the refractive indices translate into differences in clou...

Observations on white-light interference fringes show that the effects due to the introduction of a variable geometric phase, which is independent of the wavelength, differ significantly from those due to a change in the optical path difference . 1 . Introduction Berry [1] has shown that the wavefunction of a quantum system may acquire an additional phase factor (the geometric phase) when the s...

Phase-referencing allows phase calibration of VLBI data. Using regular observations of a nearby calibrator source, delay, delay-rate, and phase corrections can be derived and their eeects removed from the target source visibility data. This technique allows imaging much weaker objects than is possible via fringe-tting methods. We examine the main types of phase error in VLBI observations (geome...

Context. We analyse 134 ks Chandra ACIS-I observations of the Galactic Centre (GC) performed in July 2011. The X-ray image with the field of view 17′ × 17′ contains the hot plasma surrounding the Sgr A*. The obtained surface brightness map allows us to fit the Bondi hot accretion flow to the innermost hot plasma around the GC. Aims. Contrary to the XMM-Newton data where a strong 6.4 keV iron li...

the feasibility of extractive reaction of methacrylic acid from aqueous solution using a quaternary amine, tri–octyl methyl ammonium chloride (tomac) as an extractant, was studied. the diluents chosen in the present work belong to different chemical classes, n–butyl acetate, carbon tetrachloride, isoamyl alcohol, methyl isobutyl ketone, and toluene. the effect of initial acid concentration in t...

Changes in the heliosphenc magnetic field during the rcccnt declining phase in solar activity are reviewed and compared with observations during past sunspot cycles. The stud y is based pnncipall y on data obtained by IMP-8 and Ulysses. The field magnitude is found to have increased during the declining phase until it reached a maximum value of 11 .5nT in = 1991.5, approximately two years after...

Data quality information has been recognised as essential in assessing the fitness for use of any spatial dataset, and fundamental to enabling efficient and effective data integration through spatial data infrastructure (SDI). Missing or inaccurate data quality information can result in inappropriate use of the data with associated consequences of poor decision making, reduced utility and decre...

Measurements from passive microwave satellite instruments such as the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit B (AMSU-B) are sensitive to both liquid and ice cloud particles. Radiative transfer modeling is exploited to simulate the response of the AMSU-B instrument to mixed-phase clouds over land. The plane-parallel radiative transfer model employed for the study accounts for scattering and absorption...

To achieve reliable GPS positioning results a realistic stochastic model for GPS carrier phase observations has to be specified for data processing. In order to develop such a stochastic model, the quality characteristics of GPS carrier phase measurements made by a receiver must be well understood. Recently investigators have used two types of data, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and satellite ele...