OBJECTIVE To assess the pH of regular and light cola-based drinks and energy drinks, and examine the acid neutralizing capacity by the addition of artificial saliva. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten packages of each product purchased locally at different stores were evaluated. The pH was measured by a pH-electrode calibrated in standard buffer solutions. To assess the pH neutralizing capacity, 1 ml/...

General aspects of modeling as an engineering tool are presented in this work. The usefulness of Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Inference Systems (TS FIS) as modeling technique are emphasized. Additionally, various modifications of known methodology for identifying such a models and rules configuration are proposed. Finally, two application examples are presented. The first one is a modeling of the Box an...

A multimodel controller design procedure combined with gain scheduling methods is evaluated for a highly nonlinear chemical process. The controller synthesis method is based on a mixed H2/H∞ problem to achieve good quadratic performance and robustness for a multimodel plant description. The performance obtained with the optimal multimodel controller, gain scheduled controllers and conventional ...

This paper addresses the issue of controlling nonlinear processes by the use of the nonlinear model predictive control formulation. To handle the nonlinearities, a neuro-fuzzy process model is suggested as a means to model processes with strong nonlinearities depending on the operating region. In this paper the neurofuzzy approach is used for the modelling and control of a strongly nonlinear pH...

 An adaptive input-output linearization method for general nonlinear systems is developed without using states of the system. Another key feature of this structure is the fact that, it does not need model of the system. In this scheme, neurolinearizer has few weights, so it is practical in adaptive situations.  Online training of neuroline...

Active carbons of different origins have been oxidized with H O and (NH ) S O and their oxygen surface complexes 2 2 4 2 2 8 have been characterized by TPD, classical titration following Boehm’s method and by neutralization calorimetry. The net enthalpies of neutralization, determined by immersion calorimetry into NaOH and HCl 2 N lead to 241.161.8 and 21 21 252.362.0 kJ eq for the acidic and b...

This study evaluated the effect of different types of filler in a resin-based pit and fissure sealant on fluoride release, recharge, and lactic acid neutralization. Resin-based sealant was incorporated with 5% w/w of the following fillers: calcium aluminate cement (CAC), synthesized mesoporous silica (SI), a CAC and SI mixture (CAC+SI), glass-ionomer powder (GIC), and acetic acid-treated GIC (G...

The recombination of hydronium and hydroxide ions following water ionization is one of the most fundamental processes determining the pH of water. The neutralization step once the solvated ions are in close proximity is phenomenologically understood to be fast, but the molecular mechanism has not been directly probed by experiments. We elucidate the mechanism of recombination in liquid water wi...