For any operator on integer-valued functions, we say that #P is closed under in context PF#P if, for every f 2 #P, f] belongs to PF #P. For several operators , it is shown that the closure properties of #P under in the above sense is closely related to the relationships between P #PP1] and higher classes such as PH PP and PP PP .

pH control is a challenging problem due to its highly nonlinear nature. In this paper the performances of two different adaptive global linearizing controllers (GLC) are compared. Least squares technique has been used for identifying the titration curve. The first controller is a standard GLC based on material balances of each species. For implementation of this controller a nonlinear state...

In recent years, the decay η → 3π has received considerable attention from experimental and theoretical side. It is of particular theoretical interest because it allows for the determination of (mu −md). In addition, for many years now theory has had difficulties to understand the slope of the neutral channel Dalitz plot distribution, which in contrast is very well measured. I discuss here the ...

We consider whether or not protein chains in the HP model have unique or few optimal foldings. We solve the conjecture proposed by Aichholzer et al. that the open chain L2k−1 = (HP )(PH) for k ≥ 3 has exactly two optimal foldings on the square lattice. We show that some closed and open chains have unique optimal foldings on the hexagonal and triangular lattices, respectively.

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DNA sequences with the potential to form secondary structures such as i-motifs (iMs) and G-quadruplexes (G4s) are abundant in the promoters of several oncogenes and, in some instances, are known to regulate gene expression. Recently, iM-forming DNA strands have also been employed as functional units in nanodevices, ranging from drug delivery systems to nanocircuitry. To understand both the mech...

In the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (ISP) of the ubiquinol:cytochrome c(2) oxidoreductase (bc(1) complex) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, residue Tyr 156 is located close to the iron-sulfur cluster. Previous studies of the equivalent residue in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Denke, E., Merbitz-Zahradnik, T., Hatzfeld, O. M., Snyder, C. H., Link, T. A., and Trumpower, B. L. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, ...

Nisin is a 3.4-kDa antimicrobial peptide that, as a result of posttranslational modifications, contains unsaturated amino acids and lanthionine residues. It is applied as a preservative in various food products. The solubility and stability of nisin and nisin mutants have been studied. It is demonstrated that nisin mutants can be produced with improved functional properties. The solubility of n...

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by a progressive elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure due to alterations of both pulmonary vascular structure and function. This disease is rare but life-threatening, leading to the development of right heart failure. Current PH treatments, designed to target altered pulmonary vascular reactivity, include vasodilating prostanoids, phosphodiestera...