Organized crime satisfies a demand for necessary social services in the absence of effective government institutions. This paper examines the rise of the Sicilian mafia. Using system dynamics, we model this system and test various policies to determine what factors have the greatest impact on mafia power. Based on the experiments, the most effective policies for reducing mafia power are those t...

Recent consumer literature has shown that attachment insecurity (i.e., anxious, avoidant) enhances individual's motivations for retail shopping. We extend using theory to explain how insecurity, loneliness social, emotional), and fear of missing out (FoMO) affect patronage. posit these three negatively valenced psychosocial conditions generally incline emerging adult consumers toward patronage ...

This study investigates the relationships among channel integration and consumers' online offline patronage intentions. The theoretical framework proposes perceived empowerment, assortment, benefits as mediating variables in integration–patronage intention relationship, with consumer showrooming webrooming behaviors moderating variables. Data was collected by means of two studies; that is, for ...

This study investigated the effect of sales promotion on customer patronage household appliances in Lagos State. The purpose was to examine effectiveness (discount, premiums, and demonstration) appliances. methodology used based a descriptive research design. Questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. sample size determined using simple random sampling technique. One hundred twentyfour...

This article contextualises Russia’s involvement in Africa through the lenses of Soviet past, current rulership architecture Russia, and its recent operations abroad. Russia deploys normative justifications like anti-colonialism to justify Africa. Russian agents are drawn from vast political-oligarchic patronage networks, making these perfectly suited operate patronage-political contexts that w...

When do politicians in developing democracies prioritize meritocratic recruitment over patronage hiring for public sector jobs? I distinguish between low- and high-skilled positions argue that ...