MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are endogenous, small RNA molecules that suppress expression of targeted mRNA. miR-21, one of the most extensively studied miRNAs, is importantly involved in divergent pathophysiological processes relating to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, such as inflammation and angiogenesis. The role of miR-21 in renal I/R is complex, with both protective and pathological pathw...

The current construct of schizophrenia as a unitary disease is far from satisfactory, and is in need of reconceptualization. The first five papers in our "facts" series reviewed what is known about schizophrenia to date, and a limited number of key facts appear to stand out. Schizophrenia is characterized by persistent cognitive deficits, positive and negative symptoms typically beginning in yo...

The liver is a unique and complex functioning organ, which central in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fats plays an important role digestion, hematopoiesis, hemocoagulation, detoxification processes. pathology diverse, often accompanied by other organs. Liver diseases are encountered doctors various specialties, for clinician, knowledge this organ essential. Currently, there steady i...

Highly efficient systems remove the toxic and proinflammatory haemoglobin from the circulation and local sites of tissue damage. Macrophages are major haemoglobin-clearing cells; CD163 was recently recognized as the specific haemoglobin scavenger receptor (HbSR). It is tightly involved in both physiological as well as pathophysiological processes, such as cytoprotection and inflammation. Haemog...

The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in deleterious processes such as DNA damage and reperfusion injury has long been recognized. More recently, however, it has been appreciated that ROS can specifically modulate diverse intracellular signalling pathways through covalent modifications of target molecules (“redox signalling”), thereby inducing distinct changes in cell phenotype that ...

Multiple sclerosis is a complex disease, as several pathophysiological processes (including inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage and repair mechanisms) participate in the disease process. Furthermore, as new pathological evidence reveals, these processes are not uniformly represented across patient populations but can selectively predominate in individual patients, thus contributing to th...

Abnormal behavior in nonhuman primates is oftentimes prematurely blamed on certain conditions, the case of captive non-human primates, readily so their husbandry, largely ignoring underlying pathophysiological processes brain. Each life history shapes an individual's predisposition to develop or resist development a psychopathological disorder, which manifests itself abnormal when triggered by ...