It is well-known that the innate immune mechanisms in fish serve as the first line of defence against wide variety of pathogens. In most of the situations, innate responses get induced and enhanced after the pathogen invasion. It would be interesting to look into the inducibility of various innate immune mechanisms and the level of enhancement after infection with the pathogen. Hence, in the pr...

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background and objectives: macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin b (mlsb) antimicrobial agents are widely used in the treatment of staphylococcal infection. clindamycin is the medicine of choice for some staphylococcal infections, particularly skin and soft tissues infections. erythromycin and clindamycin are two distinct classes of antimicrobial agents which inhibit protein synthesis in bac...

a recently published article describing the draft genome of erwiniamallotivora bt-mardi (1), the causal pathogen of papaya dieback infection in peninsular malaysia, hassignificant potential to overcome and reduce the effect of this vulnerable crop (2). the authors found that the draft genome sequenceis approximately 4824 kbp and the g+c content of the genomewas 52-54%, which is very similarto t...

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors serve as PRRs that recognize different but overlapping microbial components. They are expressed in different cellular compartm...