Numerous factors affect the fine-scale social structure of animal groups, but it is unclear how important such factors are in determining how individuals encounter resources. Familiarity affects shoal choice and structure in many social fishes. Here, we show that familiarity between shoal members of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) affects both fine-scale social organization and the discov...

Spatial heterogeneity in two co-variable resources such as light and water availability is common and can affect the growth of clonal plants. Several studies have tested effects of spatial heterogeneity in the supply of a single resource on competitive interactions of plants, but none has examined those of heterogeneous distribution of two co-variable resources. In a greenhouse experiment, we g...

AIM To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of rivastigmine patch or capsule on mild to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHOD We performed a meta-analysis of 17 studies regarding the treatment effectiveness of rivastigmine patch or capsule on mild-to-severe AD. RESULTS Significant difference exists between treatment with rivastigmine patch or capsule and placebo groups (p-value < 0.001). ...

This paper presents the design and analysis of Liquid Crystal (LC) based tunable reflectarray antenna with different design configurations within X-band frequency range. The effect of LC volume used for unit cell element on frequency tunability and reflection loss performance has been investigated. Moreover different slot embedded patch element configurations have been proposed for LC based tun...

background: cutaneous manifestations are commonly observed in the neonatal period. it is important to differentiate physiologic skin lesions from pathologic ones to avoid parents’ concerns. regarding this, the current study aimed to investigate the frequency and localization of salmon patch (sp) and mongolian spot (ms) in iranian newborns to assess the potential relationship between the neonata...

Attempt is made to modify the radiation pattern of a patch antenna using a meta-structure consisting of an array of monopole antennas in the near field. The effect of the metastructure on the radiation characteristics of the patch antenna, for different angular arrangements of the metastructure plates, has been experimentally studied.