This objective of this study is how grammar is implemented in the brain, with special attention to a neurotransmitter dopamine. Among numerous kinds of molecules known to exist in the nervous system, several molecules are known to function as “neurotransmitters”, which mediate gaps between neurons (i.e., synapses) when a neuron transmits signals to another. In this study, a neurotransmitter dop...

Alpha-synuclein is a predominant player in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. However, despite extensive study for two decades, its physiological and pathological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Alpha-synuclein forms a perplexing web of interactions with lipids, trafficking machinery, and other regulatory factors. One emerging consensus is that synaptic vesicles are likely the functi...

BACKGROUND To evaluate the association between the premotor symptoms and the prognosis of PD. METHODS A total of 1213 patients who were diagnosed of PD from January 2001 to December 2008 were selected from the Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients were traced back to determine the presence of premotor symptoms, including rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD...

Amy R. Dunn, Kristen A. Stout, Minagi Ozawa, Kelly M. Lohr, Alison I. Bernstein, Yingjie Li, Minzheng Wang, Carmelo Sgobio, Namratha Sastry, Huaibin Cai, W. Michael Caudle, and Gary W. Miller* 1. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322. 2. Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322. 3. Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, ...

Increasing evidence points to defects in autophagy as a common denominator in most neurodegenerative conditions. Progressive functional decline in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) occurs with age, and the consequent impairment in protein processing capacity has been associated with a higher risk of neurodegeneration. Defects in cathepsin D (CD) processing and α-synuclein degradation causin...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the socio-demographic and clinical feature of patients with Parkinson`s disease, their health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and the relationship between these. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty Hospital, and Ministry of Health, Taksim and Haseki Education and Research Hospitals in Istanbul, Turkey. The s...

Background: Experimental evidence supports a preventative role for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: We investigated associations between use of aspirin, nonaspirin NSAIDs, and acetaminophen and PD in a large population-based casecontrol study using Danish health and pharmacy registries. We identified 1,931 PD cases reported in hospital or outp...