OBJECTIVE To review the clinical features of Parkinson disease (PD) and other causes of motor parkinsonism with an emphasis on diagnosis in elderly patients. SOURCES OF INFORMATION MEDLINE: and Google Scholar were searched for original research articles describing clinical diagnosis of parkinsonism. Consensus statements and articles summarizing diagnostic criteria for parkinsonian syndromes wer...

The transplantation of adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs) in Parkinson’s disease/parkinsonism is a promising area their therapy. effects such may be influenced by the age donor and biologically active factors. purpose study to compare effect transplanted ADSCs mice different on parameters behaviour, oxidative stress neuroinflammation brain with an experimental model p...

BACKGROUND Dropped head in parkinsonism has been attributed to dystonia or unbalanced muscle rigidity. To our knowledge, isolated neck extensor myopathy with parkinsonism has been described in only one patient. OBJECTIVES To assess the occurrence of neck extension weakness resulting in dropped head in patients with parkinsonism and to explore whether the head drop might be the consequence of ...

Background Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is the most common movement disorder induced by antipsychotics. Although DIP is mostly symmetric, asymmetric DIP is reported in a substantial part of the patients. We investigated the frequency of motor asymmetry in DIP and its relationship to the severity of psychopathology in long-stay psychiatric patients. Methods We obtained data from a cohort st...

BACKGROUND Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), can present with parkinsonism. However, classically, atypical features, including pyramidal and cerebellar signs, peripheral neuropathy, and/or anterior horn cell dysfunction, are also seen. Levodopa responsiveness is unusual in this disorder. OBJECTIVE To determine the cause of apparent parkinsonism ...

Abstract Introduction Introduction: Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is strongly associated with progressive phenoconversion to an overt synucleinopathy (e.g., parkinsonism). Neurotrauma [i.e., traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress (PTSD)], increases the odds of RBD diagnosis by ~2.5-fold increased later Parkinson’s Disease (PD), a service-connected illness...

X-linked parkinsonism encompasses rare heterogeneous disorders mainly inherited as a recessive trait, therefore being more prevalent in males. Recent developments have revealed complex underlying panorama, including spectrum of which is variably associated with additional neurological and non-neurological signs. In particular, childhood-onset encephalopathy epilepsy and/or cognitive disability ...

Although the clinical syndrome of parkinsonism (rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor) is most often owing to idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD), it may also be associated with a variety of other underlying pathologies (Table 1) (1–3). Each of these other pathological conditions tends to have a characteristic clinical phenotype, however atypical cases are increasingly recognized (4–8). Moreover, ...