Approximately half of all living oysters brood offspring in the inhalant chamber of their mantle cavities; the remainder are broadcast spawners which do not engage in parental care of young. Ostreid ovulation involves a complex behavioral sequence that results in the countercurrent passage of newly spawned eggs through the gills (ctenidia) and into the inhalant chamber. We constructed molecular...

Earlier studies gave reason to assume that parenthood might be a risk factor for cardiac infarctions. Especially parents of children under 18 years seem to have an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile. This may be a result of neglecting a health-promoting lifestyle due to lack of time and a shifted focus in life, caused by parental responsibility. We aim to analyse whether a correlation bet...

The patterns of partnership formation and dissolution, childbearing and parenting in the UNECE during the 1990s are often heterogeneous, with fundamental differences between nations. However, if we want to characterise the unifying direction, we can use a single keyword: postponement. In general, with some exceptions, key demographic events, and more specifically events leading to the formation...

BACKGROUND To investigate how household background factors affect parental behavior during pandemic influenza-related school closures, we determined associations between such factors and three parental attitudes: "caring for the child", "taking leave from work", and "permitting out-of-home activities". METHODS A hypothetical pandemic influenza situation was presented and a questionnaire surve...

OBJECTIVE To investigate workforce participation patterns among Australian medical graduates and the extent of cohort differences in these patterns. DESIGN We carried out a retrospective longitudinal cohort study, with data collected by postal survey on current occupation, location, absences from the workforce and occupation since graduation. PARTICIPANTS Graduates who had completed their b...

Over the last two decades, numerous studies have suggested that dedicated time for parents to be with their children in the earliest months of life offers significant benefits to child health. The United States (US) is the only wealthy nation without a formalized policy guaranteeing workers paid time off when they become new parents. As individual US states consider enacting parental leave poli...

Using data from a rural household survey for the People’s Republic of China in 2009, we examine the impact of parental migration on children’s educational outcomes. Consistent with the findings of a large empirical literature, we find that parental migration has a significantly negative impact on left-behind children’s educational outcomes as measured by test scores in Chinese and mathematics. ...

Abstract Territoriality and parental care are complex reproductive behaviors found in many taxa from insects to mammals. Parental can be carried out by the female, male, or both, depending on species. Territoriality, contrast, is predominantly displayed males. Different selective pressures imposed individuals sex performing territorial may also lead sexual differentiation other life-history tra...

This paper examines how differences in the bargaining power of husband and wife affect the distribution of consumption expenditures in rural Bangladeshi households. Two alternative measures of assets are used: current assets and the value of assets brought to marriage. Results show that both assets at marriage and current assets are strongly determined by the human capital of husband and wife a...