The conversion in vitro of kynurenine into kynurenic acid and anthranilic acid in both normal kidneys and those obtained from mice infested with Schistosoma mansoni was investigated. Normal mouse kidneys seem to possess an excess of functional pyridoxal phosphate over those obtained from infested mice. Kynureninase and kynurenine transaminase in the latter kidneys are more easily inhibited by d...

Bladder stones are caused when minerals are built up in the bladder, especially if the bladder is incompletely emptied. These stones will pass while they are small. Otherwise, they get stuck to the bladder wall or ureter. If this happens, they gradually gather more mineral crystals, becoming larger over time. Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by a tumor within the parathyroid gland,...

Hypothesis / aims of study Several antimuscarinic agents with high-bladder selectivity have been developed and commonly used for treating overactive bladder (OAB). The problem of antimuscarinics, however, is anticholinergic-based side effects, such as dry mouth, constipation, and tachycardia, and still remains to be fully solved. Recent studies have revealed that antimuscarinic agents exert the...

Imidafenacin is a potent and selective antagonist of M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors that is safe, efficacious, and well tolerated for controlling the symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB). However, the precise mechanisms responsible for the bladder-selective pharmacological effects of this agent remain unclear. The in vivo pharmacologic effects of imidafenacin result from receptor occupancy. The...

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common form of bladder cancer. In bladder cancer, which in terms of its origins and genetics, is a representative of invasive tumors, the differing clinical course and the limited value of established prognostic markers compelled many researchers to look for new molecular parameters in predicting the prognosis and treatment of patients with bladder ...

PURPOSE The present study was carried out to establish the accuracy of modern ultrasonographic techniques in the follow up of patients with superficial bladder carcinoma and to evaluate the patients tolerability of cystoscopy. METHODS Thirty-three patients with a history of superficial bladder carcinoma under active surveillance were initially examined using transabdominal ultrasound followed...

Urgency is the core symptom of the overactive bladder symptom complex, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Clinical findings have led to the assumption that bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) caused by benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) induces storage symptoms and detrusor overactivity. Presumably, BOO by BPE accounts for urgency; however, urgency is not always caused by BOO....

Transl Androl Urol, Vol 3, Suppl 1 September 2014 www.amepc.org/tau © Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved. Pink1 KO rats acquired the functional disorder of detrusor over activity compared to wild type rats. Hyperplasia of smooth muscle and nerves were noted in the bladder wall of Pink1 KO rats. More specific nerve changes and specific causality among dopaminergic neuron lo...

In a recent paper, good correlation was shown between the nature of the bladder disorder and the neurological picture in infants and young children suffering from myelomeningoceles (Stark, 1968). According to the function of the 2nd-4th sacral segments on clinical examination of the lower limbs, patients could be classified into 4 groups (Fig. 1). Those in Group A (at least one leg neurological...