The purpose of this paper is to improve the accuracy of the COMFA outdoor thermal comfort model for application to subjects performing physical activity. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify conditions where the COMFA model produced erroneous estimates of the heat and moisture exchanges between the human body and the ambient environment, based on data from subjects performing modera...

The present study compared simple thermal indices and the indices derived from energy budget models in the northwest of Iran. For this purpose, the air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, cloud, cover and wind speed of 13 meteorological stations in the northwest of Iran during the  the period of 1986 to 2007 were selected for comparison. The results which were extracted using Biokl...

The Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI assesses the outdoor thermal environment based on the multi-node UTCI-Fiala-model of thermoregulation, which was coupled with a clothing model considering the clothing behaviour of an urban population. The applicability of UTCI to exercising, resting or occupational settings is currently limited by the assumed moderate activity level (2.3 MET) and the ma...

threats are one of the most fundamental problems of our modern societies that daily will affect citizens in urban spaces. this becomes more problematic when the people in their everyday living spaces encounter with behaviors that cause lack of security and should have been feel comfort and their families used these spaces freely. this causes many problems for citizens. in today cities because o...

Coral reefs are one of the world's most threatened ecosystems, with global and local stressors contributing to their decline. Excessive sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) can cause coral bleaching, resulting in coral death and decreases in coral cover. A SST threshold of 1 °C over the climatological maximum is widely used to predict coral bleaching. In this study, we refined thermal indices predic...

Vegetation provides significant benefits for urban thermal environments attracting people to open spaces. Especially in tropical climates, squares are more vulnerable discomfort due surrounding buildings and increased hard surface coverage compared parks. Since the space planting is limited, a proper arrangement essential enhance outdoor comfort (OTC). Nevertheless, impact of different arrangem...