Background: The aim of this study was to develop and implement a Monte Carlo framework for evaluation of patient specific out-of-field organ equivalent dose (OED). Materials and Methods: Dose calculations were performed using a Monte Carlo-based model of Oncor linac and tomographic phantoms. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using EGSnrc user codes. Dose measurements were performed using r...

In vitro metabolism evaluations for compounds in early development are typically conducted using liver microsomes and suspension hepatocytes. While these systems have been serving the drug development community, they have their limitations, with examples of “metabolite surprises” where metabolites which were not predicted or observed in vitro or in vivo during pre-clinical studies, were observe...

Casting production has environmental implications that extend beyond the foundry’s premises. By taking a life-cycle approach the impacts upstream (supply side) and downstream (customer/user side) can be identified. The benefits of a foundry’s actions to reduce an environmental impact might be leveraged to reduce impacts at other stages in the life-cycle. However, as a minor player in the supply...